“日本制造”漂洋过海 退休技师给中国打工

hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

上世纪80年代曾经以精湛技术帮助日本企业攻城拔寨的技师现已进入暮年，但是有数千名日本退休老人在中国找到了“发挥余热”的地方。hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

“我从事的专业在日本早已用不着了，”现年59岁的Masayuki Aida说道。他在东京一家公司从事了30年模具制作工作，但在东莞度过50岁以後的多数年头。东莞是中国南方珠三角地区的制造业中心。hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

街头汽车喇叭声不绝于耳，化工品的味道想躲都躲不掉，街上灰尘四起，东莞与东京或大阪不可同日而语。这里建筑工地星罗棋布，手里攥着罐头瓶的乞丐在十字路头排队的车流中蹒跚而行。hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

对於Aida这些年近花甲的老年人，他们的选择很简单：要麽赋闲在家坐吃老本，等着自己达到日本政府提高後的领取养老金的法定年龄；要麽去给中国和香港公司打工。hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

“日本已经不再制造（那些）产品了，”Aida说道，他制作的模具可用於生产从玩具、手机到咖啡机等多种产品。“我想把我学到的有关模具的知识和技术传给年青一代。”hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

对於日本来说，很少见报的技师外流意味着中国竞争企业正在获得“日本制造”背後的科技能力。hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

日本政府数据显示，仅在人口不足800万的东莞就生活着多达2,800名日本外出务工技师。hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

“从日本的角度来说，新兴国家正在免费利用我们培养的能力，这是个问题，”日本经济产业省知识产权政策办公室负责人Yasushi Ishizuka说道。hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

退休了 去中国hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

分析师称，很多在中国再就业的日本技师并非拥有最先进的技术，不会给日本企业造成致命打击，但是其长期影响则可能是严重的，他们将给中国制造商带去技术，更有效的生产出高质量的产品。hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

“获得诸如制造模具等生产技术需要企业经历多年的尝试与失败，”东京的理特管理顾问公司副董事Morinosuke Kawaguchi表示。hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

“日本技师流入将提高中国公司的产品质量，提高企业生产效率。”hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

Aida表示，过去十年里，中国技师的技术水平已经明显提高了。“当我第一次来到中国，只要不散架就被看成是好产品，但从那以後他们迅速赶上来了。”Aida连同其他六名日本技师在东莞接受了路透的采访。hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

限制技师流向中国制造企业似乎是不可能的。hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

三一重工(600031.SS: 行情)、吉利汽车(0175.HK: 行情)和比亚迪(1211.HK: 行情)(002594.SZ: 行情)都告诉路透他们雇用了日本技师，以提高技术水平。他们不愿作进一步评论。hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

日本技师并非仅仅考虑经济收入，在日本僵化的退休制度下，他们到达年龄之後就离开了岗位，而他们还想继续工作，这促使很多人愿意到中国工作。hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

到中国广东来寻找工作也并非没有挑战。hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

在日本多数城市都能享有的舒适和便利在东莞郊区的工业园很难找到。公交车是唯一的公共交通工具。多数出租车无照运营，外国人很容易挨宰。偷盗和抢劫案件时有发生。hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

很多到东莞的日本人是远离家人只身前来，住在在日本被视为老旧不堪的公寓内，靠打高尔夫或是在城里为数不多的几家日本饭馆把酒对饮打发时间。hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
 hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

(Reuters) - Their technical skills helped Japan's corporate giants sweep all before them in the 1980s, and now thousands of aging Japanese engineers are finding a new lease on life in booming China.hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

"My profession is going out of business in Japan," said 59-year-old Masayuki Aida, who made molds for a Tokyo-based firm for 30 years but has spent most of his 50s in Dongguan, a gritty manufacturing hub in southern China's Pearl River Delta.hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

With the incessant noise of car horns and a pervasive smell of chemicals, the dusty streets of industrial Dongguan are a far cry from Tokyo or Osaka. Construction sites dot the city while beggars clutching tin cans approach cars at every intersection.hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

For Aida and many like him nearing the national retirement age of 60 the choice was simple - face a few years without an income as Japan raises the age at which employees get their pension or work for mainland Chinese and Hong Kong companies.hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

"People aren't making products in Japan anymore," said Aida, who makes molds for goods ranging from toys and earphones to coffee machines. "I wanted to pass on to younger generations all the knowledge and technology about molds I had obtained."hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

For Japan, marred by two decades of economic stagnation, the little reported exodus of engineers means rival Chinese firms are getting an injection of the technology and skills behind "Made in Japan" products.hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

Japanese government data shows 2,800 Japanese expats living in Dongguan alone, a city of more than 8 million people.hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

"From Japan's perspective, emerging countries are getting a free ride of the benefits we nurtured. So yes, it is a problem," said Yasushi Ishizuka, director of the intellectual property policy office at the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

Japan suffered its first tech brain drain about 20 years ago when South Korean firms such as Samsung Electronics and LG Electronics Inc poached scores of front-line semiconductor and white goods engineers from big Japanese electronics firms.hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

Since then South Korean electronics manufacturers have bounded into the global top ranks, helped along by this human technology transfer.hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

Japan's tech giants, meanwhile, have floundered. Sony Corp, Panasonic Corp and Sharp Corp, Japan's three main TV makers, are expected to have lost $21 billion between them in the fiscal year that ended March 31, partly because of Korean competition.hzARainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语