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美国的州长与市长、县长、区长没有上下级关系

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The governor and mayor, county, district heads no superior-subordinate relationship

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费尔法克斯县由九个区组成,区长与县长没有上下级关系,各自独立(图片:费尔法克斯县政府)K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
前几天我们有一篇博文“政府大门八字敞开,欢迎民众入内参观”引起了读者的不少议论,比如“成都全搜索新闻网”想知道“市民可以约见政府首长吗?”为此,我们举了一个最新的例子来说明普通市民也是可以约见州长的:“南卡罗来纳州州长尼基•海利女士(Nikki Haley)5月31日星期四举办了一个‘四点钟后开门’与民众见面的活动,就是在下午四点后,一对一地与民众见面,民众可以与州长讨论任何问题。不过由于想要与州长见面的人比较多,所以必须预约。” 为此,成都全搜索新闻网又提了一个问题:“关键在于预约之后的名单筛选过程,有标准吗?”事实上,在南卡罗来纳州长海利女士的“开门见客”活动中,采用的是“先到先得”的原则,完全没有任何筛选标准,即谁先预约,谁先与州长面谈,预约的方式是打电话,这样比较方便。之外,也有读者提了这样一个问题:“ 请问有机会和州长共进晚餐或者午餐吗?”K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
一篇谈政府办公楼对外开放的博文,引起读者对民众与“政府首长”关系的兴趣,有点出乎意料。不过,仔细想想也不奇怪,毕竟“政府首长”这个概念在美国有不同于中国的含意。以州长为例,美国有50个州以及一个首都特区,按照中国的行政体制来理解的话,大概美国的“州”等于中国的“省”,“州长”就类似“省长”。但从行政权限来看,美国州长的权力与中国的省长不可同日而语。原因是,州长的管辖权根本管不到县长(county executive,或称郡长),也管不到市长,更加管不到区长。以我所居住的弗吉尼亚州为例,弗吉尼亚州现有95个县、39个市,这些县与市在法律上都是各自独立的,都有自己的人事、财政管理体系,并不受州长领导,所以,县长与市长虽然只管一县一市,比起州长管理一州的范围要小,但却与州长没有上下级领导与被领导关系,互不相干;这些县长、市长们只对本县本市居民负责、听命于本县本市民众,而不是听命于州长。K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
同样,对于一个县来说,县长也管不到区长。以我所居住的费尔法克斯县(Fairfax County)为例,费尔法克斯县是弗吉尼亚州的第一大县,人口百万,占整个州人口的13.5%。费尔法克斯县分为九个区,这九个区的区长都是由本区民众选举出来的,按法律规定,这九位区长组成了县监事会(Fairfax County Board of Supervisors),另外再民选出一位监事会主席,成为县的最高管理机构,而县长以及副县长都是由县监事会任命的。也就是说,从某种角度看,县长不但不能领导区长,还要向区长们组成的监事会负责,区长们对县长、副县长的表现不满意,可以开会表决炒县长的鱿鱼。在费尔法克斯县,县长虽然管辖全县,但却管不到区长,他们之间也没有上下级关系,各个区内的事务,由各区自己负责,所以对选民来说,县长并不比区长重要。K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
由于费尔法克斯县内各区区长是民选的,所以民众遇事最先想到的是找区政府解决,而区政府则本着公开办事的原则,随时接待、解决民众的问题。区长也经常举行各种类似市政厅那样的公开会议,与民众沟通,民众要与区长会面,只要事先预约就可以了,并非什么难事。以我自己经历的一件小事为例,可以说明要见“政府首长”是一件很平常的事情。K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
我们家院子前有一条人行道,这条人行道长年未修,有一些地方坑坑洼洼,一到下雨天就会积水,这在我们这个区内是很少见的现象。这样的人行道不但对行人不利,也破坏附近住宅的美观,间接影响住宅价值。几个月前的一天上午我打电话到区长办公室,想找区长谈谈这条人行道的维修问题,因为我并不清楚究竟由哪个部门来管这件事。接电话的是区长助理,我问她当天下午是否可以见区长,她说这几天区长正好在休假,如果需要的话,可以预约。当她知道我见区长的目的与维修人行道有关,就主动告诉我,可以将相关资料(人行道的照片、所在区域等)先电邮给她,由她负责处理。对我来说,见不见区长是次要的,主要的是将路修好,所以便将资料寄给了她。K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
很快这位区长助理便回了信,说是经过他们的了解,这条人行道并不属于区政府管辖,也不是本县的财产,而属于州交通局管理,所以区政府以及县政府都不负责维修,但她表示会负责与州交通局联系。过了两个来月,这位区长助理再次来信,解释说由于州政府目前预算紧张,州交通局没有经费来维修这条人行道,所以十分抱歉不能满足我的要求。不过他们会在今后持续跟进,一旦州交通局有了经费,就会通知我。之后区长助理还打来电话与我直接沟通。我了解了这个情况后,一方面对区政府的工作表示感谢,另外一方面决定向本州议员反映这个情况,由议员出面向州政府反映,因为这件事是由州政府管的,目前还在沟通过程中。K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
州议员是民选的,自然要为选民说话,州议员与联邦议员一样,也分众议员、参议员,为了联系选民为选民服务,每个议员都设有办公室,有一批助手协助工作。有关州议员的工作情况,我会另外撰文详细介绍。K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
根据我本人的经验以及有限的了解,在美国一般的普通民众对于所谓的“政府首长”并不感兴趣,也不会想见这些“首长”,有事需要政府解决的话,找相关部门依法就能解决,如果具体负责管理的部门不能解决的话,找“首长”也没有用,因为“首长”也要依法行事,并不能凌驾于法律之上发号施令;此外,州长、县长、区长各自独立,找州长解决县长管辖的事、找县长解决区长管辖的事是没有用也是不合法的,所以根本没有人会想到这样做。与此相关的则是民众要见各级“首长”并不难,因为有各种渠道与方法可以见“首长”,因此见“首长”也就没有什么了不起了。K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
 K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

Fairfax County by nine district mayor and the county commissioner is not superior-subordinate relationship, independent (Photo: Fairfax County Government)K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
A few days ago we have a blog post, "the door horoscopes open, welcome people into the garden aroused a lot of discussions of the readers, such as" Chengdu Search News would like to know the public can meet with the heads of government? "To this end, we give latest example to illustrate the general public also can meet with the governor: "South Carolina State Governor Ms. Niki • Haley to Nikki Haley, Thursday, May 31, organized a 'four o'clock to open the door' to meet with the public activities, at 16:00, one-on-one meeting with the public, the public can discuss any issues with the Governor, but the more people want to meet with the Governor, it is necessary to make an appointment. "To this end, Chengdu full search News raised a question: list of the selection process after the key is to make an appointment, a standard? "In fact, in South Carolina Governor Haley Ms. open the door to the guest activities, using the" first-come-first-served basis. " principle, there is no any screening criteria, namely, who should make an appointment, the first to interview with the governor, the appointment is to call, so more convenient. , There are also readers raised a question: "Is there the opportunity and the governor to dinner or lunch?"K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
A talk about opening up government buildings Bowen, causing readers' interest in the relationship between the public and the heads of government, a bit unexpected. But think about it is not surprising, after all, the concept of the heads of government in the United States is different from the implication of China. To the governor, for example, the United States has 50 states and a Capital Territory in accordance with China's administrative system to understand about the U.S. "state" is equal to the "Province", "Governor" similar to the "governor". But the administrative authority the power of the American governor and the governor of China's point of view, is quite different. The reason is that the jurisdiction of the governor is simply not in control of the county (county executive or sheriff), also in control of the mayor, more pipe is less than Mayor. I live in Virginia, for example, the state of Virginia has 95 counties, 39 cities, these counties or cities in the law are independent, have their own personnel, financial management system, is not subject to the governor and leadership Therefore, the magistrate with the mayor just one county, a city smaller than the governor of a state's management range, but with the governor on lower-level leadership and the led, independent of each other; these counties and cities, have only responsible for the city residents of the county, city people take orders from the county, rather than take orders from the governor.K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
Similarly, for a county, county pipe less than a mayor. I live in Fairfax County of Fairfax County, Fairfax County is Virginia's largest county, population one million, accounting for 13.5 percent of the state population as a whole. Fairfax County is divided into nine zones, nine district mayor is elected by the people of this area, as required by law, of the nine head of the County Board of Supervisors (Fairfax County Board of Supervisors), another and then the people elect a Chairman of the Supervisory Board, the supreme governing body of the county, appointed by the magistrate and deputy magistrate of the county Board of Supervisors. In other words, in some ways, the magistrate not only can not the leadership of Mayor, but also responsible to the head of the composition of the board of supervisors, mayor are not satisfied with the performance of the magistrate, deputy governor of the meeting to vote on speculation Magistrate the squid. In Fairfax County, county under the jurisdiction of the county, but not in control of mayor, there is no superior-subordinate relationship between them, the affairs of each district by the district itself is responsible, so the voters, the county length is not important than the mayor.K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
Fairfax county districts Mayor is elected, so people in distress when they first thought is to find the district government to solve the district government in line with the principle of open work, at any time received, and solve the problem of people. Mayor often also held a variety of City Hall as open meetings, to communicate with the public, people to meet with the mayor, as long as the appointment can not be difficult. A small matter of my own experience, for example, can explain to see the head of government "is a very common thing.K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
A sidewalk in our yard, this sidewalk for many years had not been revised, some local bumpy, one rainy day would be stagnant water is a rare phenomenon in this region. This sidewalk is not only unfavorable to pedestrians, but also to destroy the beauty of the nearby residential indirectly affect the residential value. One morning a few months ago I called to the head of office, looking for the mayor to talk about sidewalk maintenance problems, because I do not know exactly which department to manage it. Assistant Divisional phone, I asked her in the afternoon can see the mayor, she said the Mayor just on vacation, if necessary, can make an appointment. I see the head of the purpose and maintenance of the sidewalk when she knew to take the initiative to tell me that information (photos of the sidewalk, region, etc.) can be the first e-mail to her, she is responsible for processing. See but not for me, head of the secondary, the main is the road repaired, so they put the information sent to her.K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
The Assistant Divisional soon will be back to the letter, that is their understanding that the sidewalk does not belong to the jurisdiction of the district government, nor is the property of the County, but it belongs to the state Department of Transportation Management, the district government and county governments are is not responsible for the maintenance, but she said she would be responsible for contact with the state Department of Transportation. After two months, the Assistant Divisional letter again explained that the state government on a tight budget, the state Department of Transportation does not have the funds to repair the sidewalk, so very sorry can not meet my requirements. But they will continue to follow up in the future, once the state Department of Transportation With funds, you will notify me. After the Assistant Divisional telephone call to communicate directly with me. I understand this situation, on the one hand, thanked the work of the district government, on the other hand decided to reflect this situation, to state Members by Members for the state government to reflect, because it is the tube by the state government is still the communication process.K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
State legislators are elected, naturally want to speak for the voters, state legislators and federal Members also divided House of Representatives, Senator, in order to contact voters as voters, each MP has an office, a group of assistants to help. Information about the work of state legislators, another author described in detail.K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语
According to my experience as well as a limited understanding of ordinary people in general are not interested in the so-called "heads of government, would not want to see these" head ", something need to be resolved by the Government, to find the relevant departments in accordance with the law can be solved if responsible for the management of the department can not resolve them, looking for "head" of no use, because the "head" must act within the law, and orders can not be above the law; In addition, the governor, county, district heads, independent, looking for the governor to resolve the jurisdiction of the Magistrate, to find a magistrate to resolve the head of the jurisdiction of the matter is that no use is illegal, so no one would have thought to do so. Related to this is people at all levels "head" is not difficult to see, can see the "head" because there are a variety of channels and methods, see "head" there is no big deal.
K5DRainbow Mandarin 彩虹汉语

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